Desgarro agudo del esfínter anal postparto con reparación inmediata / Immediate repair of acute postpartum anal sphincter tear: case report

Las lesiones obstétricas del esfínter anal pueden ocurrir durante el parto vaginal espontáneamente o secundariamente a la episiotomía. Su riesgo se estima en un 26% y son la causa más frecuente de incontinencia anal en mujeres jóvenes. Las lesiones de grado 4 de Sultan, también llamadas cloaca traumática, implican la ruptura completa del esfínter y la comunicación de la cavidad vaginal con el canal anal. La reparación es siempre quirúrgica, para lo que se han descrito diferentes técnicas, aunque ninguna ha demostrado ser superior. Presentamos el caso de una paciente primípara de 23 años con una cloaca traumática posparto. La reparación quirúrgica se realizó de inmediato con una técnica de overlapping. El postoperatorio fue sin complicaciones y al año presenta continencia anal completa. (AU)

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries can occur spontaneously or as a consequence of an episiotomy during vaginal delivery. Their risk is estimated at 26% and they are the most frequent cause of anal incontinence in young women. Sultan grade 4 injuries, also called traumatic cloaca, involve complete rupture of the sphincter and communication of the vaginal cavity with the anal canal. The repair is always surgical, for which different techniques have been described, although none have proven to be superior. We present the case of a 23-year-old primiparous patient with a postpartum traumatic cloaca. Surgical repair was performed immediately with an overlapping technique. The postoperative period was without complications and one year later she presents complete anal continence. (AU)

Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Overlap Anal Sphincter Repair for Fecal Incontinence Following Sphincter Injury / Resultados em curto e longo prazos do reparo por sobreposição do esfíncter anal para incontinência fecal após lesão esfincteriana

Abstract Objective Several techniques are used to repair the anal sphincter following injury. The aim of the present study is to comprehensively analyze the short- and long-term outcomes of overlap repair following anal sphincter injury. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar databases between January 2000 and January 2020. Studies that described the outcomes that are specific to overlap sphincter repair for fecal incontinence with a minimum follow-up period of one year were selected. Results A total of 22 studies described the outcomes of overlap sphincter repair. However, 14 studies included other surgical techniques in addition to overlap repair, and were excluded from the analysis. Finally, data from 8 studies including 429 repairs were analyzed. All studies used at least one objective instrument; however, there was significant heterogeneity among them. Most patients were female (n=407; 94.87%) and the mean age of the included individuals was 44.6 years. The majority of the procedures were performed due to obstetric injuries (n=384; 89.51%). The eight included studies described long-term outcomes, and seven of them demonstrated statistically significant improvements regarding the continence; one study described poor outcomes in terms of overall continence. The long-term scores were significantly better compared with the preoperative scores. However, compared with the shortterm scores, a statistically significant deterioration was noted in the long-term. Conclusion The majority of the studies described good long-term outcomes in terms of anal continence after overlap sphincter repair. However, further studies are needed

Resumo Objetivo Diversas técnicas são usadas no reparo do esfíncter anal após lesões. O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma análise completa dos desfechos nos curto e longo prazos do reparo por sobreposição após lesão do esfíncter anal. Métodos Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus e Google Scholar entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2020. Estudos que descreviam desfechos específicos do reparo de esfíncter por sobreposição para incontinência fecal, com um mínimo de 1 ano de seguimento, foram selecionados. Resultados No total, 22 estudos descreviam os desfechos do reparo de esfíncter por sobreposição. No entanto, 14 estudos incluíam outras técnicas cirúrgicas além do reparo por sobreposição, e foram excluídos da análise. Por fim, dados de 8 estudos que incluíam 429 reparos foram analisados. Todos os estudos usaram pelo menos um instrumento objetivo, mas havia uma heterogeneidade significativa entre eles. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (n=407; 94,87%), e a idade média dos indivíduos incluídos foi de 44,6 anos. A maioria das cirurgias foi realizada devido a lesões obstétricas (n=384; 89,51%). Os oito estudos incluídos descreveram os desfechos no longo prazo, e sete deles demonstraram melhoras estatisticamente significativas com relação à continência; um estudo descreveu resultados ruins em termos gerais com relação à continência. As pontuações no longo prazo foram significativamente melhores em comparação com as pontuações no pré-operatório. No entanto, em comparação com as pontuações no curto prazo, percebeu-se uma piora estatisticamente significativa no longo prazo. Conclusão A maioria dos estudos descrevia bons resultados no longo prazo em termos de continência anal depois do reparo do esfíncter por sobreposição. Entretanto mais estudos são necessários para que se identifiquem os fatores associados aos desfechos ruins para auxiliar na seleção de pacientes para o reparo por sobreposição.

Long-term results from modified sphincteroplasty in patients with traumatic sphincter injury: a retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The results from sphincteroplasty may worsen over time. Reseparation of the rectum and vagina/scrotum in conjunction with sphincteroplasty achieves good results. Improving the surgical effect of sphincteroplasty through perineal body reconstruction is crucial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term results from anterior sphincteroplasty and perineal body reconstruction (modified sphincteroplasty) among patients with traumatic sphincter injury. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study among patients who underwent modified sphincteroplasty in a university hospital between January 2006 and December 2018. Fifty patients were evaluated in detail. METHODS: The following variables were evaluated: gender, age, additional disease status, time interval between trauma and surgery, surgical technique, duration of hospitalization, follow-up period after surgery, manometric values, electromyography results, magnetic resonance imaging scans, Wexner scores, satisfaction levels with surgery and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 44.6 ± 15.1 years. The median follow-up period was 62 months (range, 12-118). The mean Wexner scores preoperatively, postoperatively in first month (M1S) and at the time of this report (AAS) were 15.5 ± 3.2, 1.9 ± 3.15 and 3.9 ± 5.3, respectively. Although improvements in the patients' mean Wexner scores became impaired over time, the postoperative Wexner scores were still significantly better than the preoperative Wexner scores (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Good or excellent results were obtained surgically among patients with traumatic sphincter injury. Performing perineal body reconstruction in addition to sphincteroplasty can provide better long-term continence. Surgical outcomes were found to be better, especially among patients younger than 50 years of age and among patients who underwent surgery within the first five years after trauma.

Study of defecation disorders in elderly patients / Estudo dos distúrbios da defecação em pacientes idosos

Abstract Introduction: Defecation disorders, whether anal incontinence or chronic intestinal constipation, are frequent pelvic floor alterations in the general population and are more common in those with risk factors,i.e., in the elderly, women with an obstetric background, and those with comorbidities, history of pelvic radiotherapy, diabetics, the bedridden, or those with history of orifice surgery, among others. Objective: To analyze the incidence of defecation disorders in geriatric patients treated at the Medical Specialties Outpatient Service (MSOS) of Hospital Santa Marcelina. Methods: Prospective, randomized study that interviewed the same patients in two moments: 1) subjective anamnesis through spontaneous history and 2) objective anamnesis with specific questionnaires to assess anal incontinence and chronic constipation. Results: Between March 2016 and June 2017, 149 patients were analyzed, of whom 114 (76.5%) were female, with a similar mean age between genders; 51.67% had symptoms of anal incontinence and/or chronic constipation. Only 35.5% of patients with complaints of fecal leakage or flatus spontaneously reported them, while 87.1% of constipated patients did so. In the present study, no significant correlation was observed between the mode of delivery (p = 0.106), pregnancy (p = 0.099), and the number of deliveries (p = 0.126) with anal incontinence. In turn, there was no higher incidence of chronic intestinal constipation in females (p = 0.099) and most patients with this complaint had Bristol type 1 or 2 stools. Conclusion: The incidence of defecation disorders in the geriatric population is high and, most notably, anal incontinence is not spontaneously reported by most patients.

Resumo Introdução: Os distúrbios da evacuação, seja a incontinência anal ou a constipação intestinal crônica, representam alterações do assoalho pélvico bastante frequente na população em geral e mais comumente naqueles com fatores de risco, ou seja, em idosos, mulheres com passado obstétrico, comorbidades, antecedente de radioterapia pélvica, diabéticos, acamados, história de cirurgias orificiais, dentre outros. Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de distúrbios defecatórios em pacientes geriátricos atendidos no Ambulatório de Especialidades Médicas (AME) do Hospital Santa Marcelina. Metodologia: Estudo prospectivo e aleatório com a entrevista do mesmo paciente em dois momentos: 1) Anamnese subjetiva através da história espontânea e 2) Anamnese objetiva com questionários específicos para avaliação de incontinência anal e constipação intestinal crônica. Resultados: Foram analisados 149 pacientes entre Março de 2016 e Junho de 2017, sendo 114 (76,5%) do sexo feminino com média de idade semelhante entre os sexos; 51,67% apresentavam sintomas de incontinência anal e/ou constipação intestinal crônica. Apenas 35,5% dos pacientes com queixas de escape de fezes ou flatos relataram de forma espontânea e 87,1% dos pacientes constipados o fizeram. No presente estudo não se verificou correlação significativa entre via de parto p = 0,106, gestação p = 0,099 e número de partos p = 0,126 com incontinência anal. Por outro lado, não se verificou maior incidência de constipação intestinal crônica no sexo feminino p = 0,099 e a maioria dos pacientes com essa queixa apresentavam fezes ressecadas tipo Bristol 1 ou 2. Conclusão: Incidência de distúrbios da defecação na população geriátrica é elevada e, notadamente a IA não é referida de forma espontânea pela maioria dos pacientes.

Experiencia inicial en la adaptación del instrumental del tratamiento video asistido modificado de las fistulas perianales complejas (VAMAFT) / Initial experience in the adaptation of the instruments of the modified assisted video treatment of complex perianal fistulas (VAMAFT)

Introducción: Las fístulas perianales tienen dos problemas fundamentales, la tasa de recurrencia y de incontinencia fecal postoperatoria, complicaciones que varían en frecuencia dependiendo de varios factores como el tipo de fistula, la técnica quirúrgica usada y la experiencia del cirujano. Debido a esto existen técnicas quirúrgicas no conservadoras y conservadoras de esfínteres donde se incluye el tratamiento video asistido que aparece desde el año 2006 y en la cual se utiliza un sistema de video endoscopio sofisticado y de alto valor económico el cual hemos adaptado a nuestro medio. Pacientes y método: De septiembre del 2015 al 2017 en la Unidad de Coloproctología del Hospital Domingo Luciani IVSS se realizó un estudio prospectivo experimental, donde se incluyeron 18 pacientes con fístulas perianales complejas diagnosticadas previamente con Ecofistulografía 3D y los cuales se operaron con un sistema adaptado usando citoscopio pediátrico de 4 mm y energía láser. Se evaluaron parámetros referentes a la técnica así como la tasa de éxito y riesgo de incontinencia. Resultados: Tiempo quirúrgico de 40 a 80 minutos, con tasa de éxito de 89%, recidiva en 2 pacientes, con tiempo de seguimiento entre 12 a 36 meses y sin cambios en la escala de incontinencia pre y post quirúrgica. Conclusión: El tratamiento video asistido modificado para fistulas anales (VAMAFT) es una técnica innovadora y factible de realizar al adaptar algunos instrumentos, con una tasa de éxito adecuada y sin riesgo de incontinencia, pero más trabajos aleatorizados con mayor números de pacientes deben ser realizados.

Introduction: Anal fistulas have two basic problems, rate of recurrence and postoperative anal incontinence. These complications vary according to several factors such as type of anal fistula, surgical technique and the surgeon´s experience. For each cases there are different surgical techniques with and without conservation of anal sphincters like conservative video assisted anal fistula treatment, described in 2006, this technique uses a sophisticated and expensive endoscope system but that we modified to use in our hospitals. Patients and method: Between September 2015 to 2017 in the Unit of Coloproctology of Domingo Luciani Hospital, was perfomed a prospective and experimental trial in 18 patients with anal complex fistulas previously diagnosed using tridimensional anal ultrasound and operated with a modified system consisting of pediatric cystoscope of 4 mm and laser energy. Some parameters were evaluated including surgical technique, recurrence and anal incontinence rate. Results: Surgical times were between 40 to 80 minutes, success rate of 89%, recurrence in two patients with follow up of 12 to 36 months and no changes in pre and post surgical anal incontinence scale. Conclusion: Video assited modified anal fistula treatment (VAMAFT) is an innovative and feasible surgical technique to do adapting some instruments, with suitable success rate and without anal incontinence risk but many randomized research with more patients have to be perfomed.

Clinical observation of perineal rectosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical observation of rectal prolapse by partial perineal rectal sigmoidectomy.@*Methods@#Sixty patients with rectal prolapse who met the diagnostic criteria of rectal prolapse in Yiwu Central Hospital from April 2013 to June 2015 were selected as the research subjects.They were divided into two groups according to random number table, with 30 cases in each group.The observation group used Altemeier, and the control group underwent triple surgery (rectal mucosal ligation, periorbital injection, and anal ring retraction). The total effective rate after surgery was compared and analyzed.@*Results@#The operation of the two groups was successfully completed.The total effective rate of the observation group was 96.67%, which was significantly higher than 80.00% of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=5.856, P=0.048). The Wexner constipation score of the observation group was (1.4±1.6)points, which was significantly lower than that of the control group[(3.2±2.0)points, t=3.849, P<0.05]. The Wexner anal incontinence score of the observation group after 24 months was (2.9±1.8)points, which was significantly lower than that of the control group [(4.4±2.7)points, t=2.532, P<0.05]. The proportions of anastomotic bleeding, pelvic swelling and perianal eczema in the observation group were 0.00%, 0.00% and 3.33%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group(20.00%, 23.33% and 30.00%, χ2=4.630, 5.822, 7.680, all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Altemeier can significantly improve the quality of life of patients, with a high cure rate and good clinical results.

Clinical observation of perineal rectosigmoidectomy for rectal prolapse / 中国基层医药

To evaluate the clinical observation of rectal prolapse by partial perineal rectal sigmoidectomy.Methods Sixty patients with rectal prolapse who met the diagnostic criteria of rectal prolapse in Yiwu Central Hospital from April 2013 to June 2015 were selected as the research subjects.They were divided into two groups according to random number table ,with 30 cases in each group.The observation group used Altemeier ,and the control group underwent triple surgery ( rectal mucosal ligation ,periorbital injection,and anal ring retraction ).The total effective rate after surgery was compared and analyzed.Results The operation of the two groups was successfully completed.The total effective rate of the observation group was 96.67%,which was significantly higher than 80.00%of the control group,the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 ＝5.856,P ＝0.048).The Wexner constipation score of the observation group was (1.4 ±1.6) points,which was significantly lower than that of the control group [(3.2 ±2.0) points, t ＝3.849, P ＜0.05].The Wexner anal incontinence score of the observation group after 24 months was (2.9 ±1.8)points,which was significantly lower than that of the control group [(4.4 ±2.7) points, t＝2.532,P＜0.05].The proportions of anastomotic bleeding ,pelvic swelling and perianal eczema in the observation group were 0.00%,0.00%and 3.33%,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in the control group (20.00%,23.33%and 30.00%,χ2 ＝4.630,5.822,7.680,all P＜0.05).Conclusion Altemeier can significantly improve the quality of life of patients ,with a high cure rate and good clinical results.

A case of severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome with urinary and anal incontinence / 中南大学学报(医学版)

A case of a young male patient,who came to the Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University because of snoring for 10 years and nocturnal gatism for half month,was analyzed retrospectively.He was diagnosed as obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) finally.The patient had been diagnosed and treated as stroke in the local hospital,while urinary and anal incontinence were not relieved.It was a dilemma for him to be properly diagnosed and treated.Polysomnography in our hospital revealed apnea hypopnea index (AHI) at 44.7 events/h,oxygen desaturation index (ODI) at 70.8 events/h and the longest apnea time at 185 seconds while the lowest blood oxygen saturation reduced to 31％.In addition,413 events of apnea accounted for 61.2％ of the sleep time and the minimal heart rate was 23 times/min.The patient was diagnosed as severe OSAHS with hypoxia metabolic brain disease,moderate pulmonary arterial hypertension,secondary polycythemia and obesity hypoventilation syndrome finally.He received the treatment of positive airway pressure non-invasive ventilator with an average pressure at 11.7 cmH2O with reduced AHI and increased blood oxygen saturation.The urinary and anal incontinence disappeared during the first night of treatment and it has been totally resolved so far.We considered that gatism was secondary to OSAHS with severe hypoxia resulted from attenuated regulation of primary defecation in the night.Physicians should pay attention to OSAHS when accepting obese patients with nocturnal incontinence,obvious daytime sleepiness and night snoring.Urinary and anal incontinence could be completely disappeared under therapy of positive airway pressure.

Several commonly used modeling methods for animal models of fecal incontinence / 中国实验动物学报

Fecal incontinence is a common but refractory anorectal disorder,seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. Although there are many methods for the treatment of fecal incontinence, the efficacy is uncertain and the mechanism of action is not fully clear. This article summarizes several commonly used modeling method of typical fecal incontinence models at home and abroad, and explores in depth, laying the foundation for further studies on fecal incontinence.

Retrospective analysis of patients submitted to surgical treatment of perianal fistula in Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo / Análise retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos à tratamento cirúrgico de fístula perianal no Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo

Abstract Introduction Perianal fistula is a condition commonly found in surgical practice, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 10,000 individuals, with a predisposition for the male gender, occurring mainly in patients between 30 and 50 years and in 80% of the cases originating from infection in the glandular crypts (cryptoglandular). Objective To perform a retrospective analysis using electronic medical record data of patients submitted to surgical treatment for perianal fistula in Santa Marcelina Hospital in São Paulo, as well as to verify the incidence of relapse and anal continence disorders, in addition to the complexity and types of fistulas and patient characterization. Results Two hundred patients were submitted to surgical treatment of perianal fistula were analyzed. Among men, there was a higher incidence of patients with lower educational level (p = 0.02), hypertension (0.03), diabetes (0.05), older age (p = 0.001), whereas among women previous perianal abscess predominated (0.001). There was no statistical difference in anal continence between patients submitted to fistulotomy with or without seton. Conclusion We observed a predominance of male patients and a low incidence of recurrence and symptoms of anal continence disorders, in addition to a predominance of complex fistulas.

Resumo Introdução Fístula perianal é uma condição comumente encontrada na prática cirúrgica com incidência de cerca 1 em 10000 indivíduos com predisposição para o sexo masculino, ocorrendo fundamentalmente em pacientes entre 30 e 50 anos e em 80% dos casos tem origem em infecção nas criptas glandulares (criptoglandular). Objetivo Realizar análise retrospectiva através de dados de prontuário eletrônico de pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de fístula perianal no Hospital Santa Marcelina São Paulo, além de verificar a incidência de recidiva e desordens da continência anal, além da complexidade e tipos das fístulas e caracterização dos pacientes. Resultados Duzentos pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de fístula perianal. Entre os homens houve maior incidência de pacientes com menor escolaridade (p = 0,02), hipertensos (0,03), diabéticos (0,05), maior idade (p = 0,001) e nas mulheres predominou abscesso perianal prévio (p = 0,001). Não houve diferença estatística na continência anal entre os pacientes submetidos a fistulotomia com ou sem sedenho. Conclusão Verifica-se predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino e uma baixa incidência de recidiva e sintomas de desordens da continência anal, além de um predomínio de fístulas complexas.

Presentación de una paciente con desgarro perineal obstétrico / Presentation of a Patient with Perineal Obstetric Tear

Se realizó una revisión sobre desgarro perineal obstétrico, motivada por la presentación de un caso atendido en la Consulta de Coloproctología del Hospital Provincial General Vladimir ILich Lenin en diciembre de 2015. Se trató de una mujer blanca de 29 años procedencia rural, que hacía alrededor de ocho años tuvo un parto distócico instrumentado, con complicación de un desgarro de la musculatura del periné, que le producía incontinencia anal y dificultad al contacto sexual. Una vez diagnosticada como un desgarro perianal grado IV, se realizó chequeo preoperatorio, luego una intervención quirúrgica mayor electiva ambulatoria con anestesia local infiltrativa. Se le realizó una reconstrucción perianal y se le siguió de manera ambulatoria por consulta para evitar la aparición de complicaciones tardías. La paciente tuvo una evolución satisfactoria con alta médica a los 60 días. La aparición de esta afección ocurre en alrededor del 0,4% al 5% de los partos vaginales, la causa más común asociada con laceraciones perineales severas es la episiotomía. La incidencia de desgarros de grados III o IV es del 9% a 27% en las mediales. La episiotomía, como se ve en este y en otros estudios, no protege al esfínter y su uso no debería ser de rutina, sino electivo. El trauma obstétrico constituye la causa principal y casi exclusiva de las lesiones a nivel de la musculatura perineal con repercusión variable sobre la continencia fecal.

A review of obstetric perineal tear was carried out, motivated by the presentation of a case attended at the Coloproctology Consultation of the General Provincial Hospital Vladimir ILich Lenin in December of 2015. The patient was a white woman of 29 years of rural origin, who was about eight years had a dystocic instrumental delivery, with complication of a tearing of the perineum muscles, which caused anal incontinence and difficulty to sexual intercourse. Once diagnosed as a grade IV perianal tear, a preoperative check was performed, followed by elective ambulatory surgery with local infiltrative anesthesia. A perianal reconstruction was performed and was followed on an outpatient consultation to avoid the occurrence of late complications. The patient had a satisfactory evolution with medical discharge at 60 days. The onset of this condition occurs in about 0.4% to 5% of vaginal deliveries, the most common cause associated with severe perineal lacerations is episiotomy. The incidence of grade III or IV tears is from 9% to 27% in medial tears. Episiotomy, as seen in this and other studies, does not protect the sphincter and its use should not be routine, but elective. Obstetric trauma is the main and almost exclusive cause of injuries at the level of the perineal musculature with variable repercussions on fecal continence.

Segmental Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy: A New Technique for Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure - Clinical Outcome and Review of Literature.

Introduction: Lateral internal sphincterotomy is an effective treatment for fissure in ano but carries a definite risk of incontinence. In trail to avoid this complication and to study the clinical outcomes such as the symptomatic relief, early postoperative wound healing, safety, and efficacy after segmental internal sphincterotomy, it was used to treat chronic anal fissure. Materials and Methods: This is hospital-based, cohort study was conducted at the NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. This study was undertaken on 62 patients (35 male and 27 female, with mean age 38 years) with chronic fissure in ano from March 2012 to March 2015. Surgical intervention, i.e., lateral internal segmental sphincterotomy done in two segments under direct vision under spinal anesthesia. Post-operative course with early and long-term result was recorded. Mean follow-up was 32 weeks (ranging from 2 to 48 weeks). Results and Discussion: In all patients, the technique was done under spinal anesthesia. The fissure and anal wound were healed within 4 weeks. The pain was reduced at postoperative day 1 in all patients. There were no early complications; one male patient had an infection at anal wound site at the 4th post-operative week which was managed conservatively. No transient or any persistent degree of incontinence occurred in these patients group. Conclusion: Segmental lateral internal sphincterotomy is a safe, easy, and effective procedure and not associated with risk of incontinence for the treatment of chronic anal fissure.

Entrevista motivacional no tratamento dos pacientes com incontinência anal / Motivational interview in the treatment of patients with anal incontinence

INTRODUÇÃO: Incontinência anal (IA) é a perda involuntária de fezes e gases. Os pacientes isolam-se e não procuram tratamento.A entrevista motivacional é utilizada para desenvolver o comprometimento dos pacientes crônicos com o tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar se a entrevista motivacional pode ser utilizada no tratamento dos pacientes com IA. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo transversal pacientes consecutivos com incontinência anal, acima de 12 anos de idade, que consultaram no Ambulatório do Assoalho Pélvico e Continências do HMIPV/ Porto Alegre, Brasil. Os pacientes do Grupo 1, além do tratamento convencional, foram submetidos a três entrevistas motivacionais. Os pacientes do Grupo 2 somente realizaram o tratamento convencional. RESULTADOS: De junho/2012 até janeiro/2013, foram atendidas dezenove mulheres com incontinência anal. Onze formaram o Grupo1 e oito, o Grupo 2. As médias de idades dos dois grupos foram semelhantes (p=0,328). Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos quanto às médias do número de consultas médicas (p=0,70). Os pacientes submetidos à consulta motivacional (Grupo 1)apresentaram uma melhora clínica significativa em relação ao Grupo 2 (OR de 10,0, IC OR,95%= [1.16;86,3]). Os índices médios de Continência do Grupo 1, antes e após o tratamento, foram significativamente diferentes (p>0,0001), enquanto no Grupo 2, não houve melhora significativa entre os índices (p=0,514). CONCLUSÃO: Os achados sugerem que a entrevista motivacional pode ser uma abordagem eficaz para aumentar o comprometimento dos pacientes com incontinência anal ao tratamento

INTRODUCTION: Anal incontinence (AI) is the involuntary loss of feces and gases. Patients isolate themselves and do not seek treatment. Motivational interviewing is used to develop the commitment of patients with chronic treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether motivational interviewing can be used in the treatment of patients with AI. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the participants were consecutive patients with anal incontinence, above 12 years of age, who attended the outpatient clinic of Pelvic Floor and Continences of the HMIPV/Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients in Group 1, in addition to conventional treatment, underwent three motivational interviews. Patients in Group 2 underwent only conventional treatment. RESULTS: From June/2012 to January/2013, nineteen women with anal incontinence were attended to. Eleven of these formed Group 1 and eight Group 2. The mean ages of the two groups were similar (p = 0.328). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding mean number of physician visits (p = .70).Patients undergoing motivational consultation (Group 1) showed a significant clinical improvement as compared to Group 2 (OR 10.0, OR CI 95% =[1:16; 86.3]). The mean rates of continence in Group 1 before and after treatment were significantly different (p> 0.0001), while in Group 2 there was no significant improvement between the rates (p = 0.514). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that motivational interviewing can be an effective approach to increase the involvement of anal incontinence patients with treatment

Efectos del embarazo y el parto sobre el piso pélvico / Effects of pregnancy and childbirth on the pelvic floor

Las disfunciones del piso pélvico comprenden la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo, el prolapso de órganos pélvicos y la incontinencia anal. Una de cada diez mujeres tendrá que ser sometida a una intervención quirúrgica por disfunciones del piso pélvico durante su vida. Además, entre el 30 por ciento y el 50 por ciento tendrá una recidiva de estas intervenciones. La maternidad es un factor que contribuye de manera importante en la presentación de estas disfunciones pelvianas. Aún no existe evidencia probada de que el parto vaginal sea un factor completamente decisivo para la presencia de disfunciones del piso pélvico. Existe intensa investigación acerca del embarazo y el parto y sus efectos sobre el piso pélvico, y acerca de si algunas de las acciones obstétricas pueden ser modificadas con el fin de protegerlo de los potenciales daños.

The pelvic floor dysfunctions include urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapsed and anal incontinence. One in ten women will be subjected to surgery for pelvic floor dysfunction during their lifetime. In addition, between 30 percent and 50 percent will have a recurrence of these interventions. Motherhood is a factor that contributes significantly to the submission of pelvic dysfunctions. There is still no proven evidence that vaginal delivery is an absolutely crucial factor for the presence of pelvic floor dysfunction. There is extensive research on pregnancy and child birth and their effects on the pelvic floor and if some of the obstetric action scan be modified in order to protect it from potential damage.

Influence of perineal prostatectomy on anal continence

OBJECTIVE: Perineal prostatectomy has been proposed as a less invasive and safe procedure, but the risk of anal incontinence has been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of perineal access on anal continence mechanisms after perineal prostatectomy. METHODS: From August 2008 to May 2009, twenty three patients underwent perineal prostatectomy. These patients were evaluated before surgery and eight months postoperatively using the Cleveland Clinic Anal Incontinence Score, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Score, and anorectal manometry. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 65 (range, 54-72) years, and the mean prostate weight was 34.5 (range, 24-54) grams. Gleason scores ranged from 6-7, and the mean Cleveland Clinic Anal Incontinence Score (mean±;standard deviation) values were 0.9±1.9 and 0.7±1.2 (p.0.05) before and after surgery, respectively. The Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Score did not change significantly after surgery. The mean values for anal manometric parameters before and after surgery were, respectively: Resting Pressures of 64±23 mmHg and 65±17 mmHg (p = 0.763), Maximum Squeezing Pressures of 130±41 mmHg and 117±40 mmHg (p = 0.259), High Pressure Zones of 3.0±0.9 cm and 2.7±0.8 cm(p = 0.398), Rectal Sensory Thresholds of 76±25 mland71±35 ml (p = 0.539), Maximum Tolerated Rectal Volumes of 157±48 ml and 156±56ml (p = 0.836), and Sphincter Asymmetry Indexes 22.4±9 percent and 14.4±5 percent (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in the sphincter symmetry index after perineal prostatectomy. With the exception of the sphincter asymmetry index, perineal prostatectomy did not affect anal continence parameters.

Anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence: experience from a tertiary care centre .

Aim Structural anal sphincter damage may be secondary to obstetric anal sphincter injury, perineal trauma or anorectal surgery. We reviewed the spectrum of anal sphincter injuries and their outcomes in a tertiary care colorectal unit. Methods Data of patients who underwent anal sphincter repair between 2004 and 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Outcomes were compared with respect to etiology, type of repair, previous attempts at repair and manometry findings. Outcomes were defined as good or poor based on patient satisfaction as the primary criteria. Results Thirty-four patients underwent anal sphincter repair. Twenty-two injuries were obstetric, eight traumatic, and four iatrogenic. All patients underwent overlap sphincteroplasty with six additional anterior levatorplasty and seven graciloplasty. Twenty-three (67.6%) patients had a good outcome while nine (26.4%) had a poor outcome. All patients who had augmentation anterior levatorplasty had a good outcome. Fifty percent of patients with a previous sphincter repair and 42.9% requiring augmentation graciloplasty had a poor outcome. Median resting and squeeze anal pressures increased from 57.5 to 70 cmH2O and 90.25 to 111 cmH2O in those with a good outcome. Conclusions Overlap sphincteroplasty has a good outcome in majority of the patients with incontinence due to a structural sphincter defect. Additional anterior levatorplasty may improve outcomes. Previous failed repairs or use of a gracilis muscle augmentation may have a worse outcome secondary to poor native sphincter muscle. Improvement in resting and squeeze pressures on anal manometry may be associated with a good outcome.

Correlação entre a incompetência esfincteriana anal e a prática de sexo anal em homossexuais do sexo masculino / Correlation between anal sphincter incompetence and anal sex practice in male homosexual

INTRODUÇÃO: a incontinência anal (IA) é uma disfunção de origem multifatorial com impacto significativo na qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Dentre as diversas etiologias para IA encontra-se a traumática, provocada pela penetração de objetos no canal anal. A inclusão do ânus na atividade sexual, já vem sendo descrita, principalmente entre homossexuais do sexo masculino. A partir desta premissa, questionou-se nesta pesquisa a possibilidade da penetração do pênis no ânus se enquadrar como etiologia traumática da incontinência anal. OBJETIVO: verificar a possível correlação entre a incontinência anal e a prática de sexo anal utilizando variáveis como idade, tempo de prática e a freqüência semanal de sexo anal. Métodos: 100 homossexuais masculinos passivos responderam um questionário elaborado pelas pesquisadoras e um Índice de Incontinência Anal. RESULTADOS: a incontinência anal estava presente em 62 por cento, sendo que a perda de gases foi considerada a mais significativa. Contudo, as correlações propostas não se apresentaram estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: a maioria dos homossexuais apresentou algum grau de incontinência anal, provavelmente em decorrência da prática do sexo anal.

INTRODUCTION: the anal incontinence (AI) is a disfunction of multifactorial origin with significant impact in thequality of life of the individual. Amongst the diverse etiologies for AI meets it traumatic, provoked for the object penetration inthe anal canal. The inclusion of the anus in the sexual activity, already comes being described, mainly between homosexuals ofthe masculine sex. From this premise, the possibility of the penetration of the penis in the anus was questioned in this researchif to fit as traumatic etiology of the anal incontinence. OBJECTIVE: to verify the possible correlation between changeable the analincontinence and the practical one of anal sex being used as age, practical time of and the weekly frequency of anal sex. Methods:100 passive masculine homosexuals had answered a questionnaire elaborated for the researchers and an Index of Anal Incontinence. RESULTS: the anal incontinence was present in 62 percent, being that the loss of gases was considered most significant. However, thecorrelations proposals had not been presented statistical significant. CONCLUSION: the majority of the homosexuals presentedsome degree of anal incontinence, probably in result of the practical one of the anal sex.

Intersphincteric Resection versus Stapled Coloanal Anastomosis for Low Rectal Cancer

PURPOSE: Local control and functional results of an intersphincteric resection are controversial in Asian, low BMI patients, even though it might a provide a chance to avoid a permanent colostomy. We tried to evaluate the potential risk of an intersphincteric resection, compared with a stapled coloanal anastomosis, in patients with low rectal cancer. METHODS: Patients with low rectal cancer, who underwent a intersphincteric resection with a hand-sewn anastomosis (ISR) or a coloanal anstomosis with staples (stapled CAA), were analyzed. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2006, 85 patients were enrolled. The distance between the anal verge and the lower margin of the tumor was 3.4+/-0.8 cm (range: 2~5 cm) in the ISR group and 4.9+/-0.8 cm (range: 3~7 cm) in the stapled CAA. The mean body mass index was 23 (range: 18~32). The patients complained postoperatively of intolerable anal incontinence (Kirwan's class > 2) in 35% of the ISR group and in 9% as the stapled CAA group, (P<0.02). The local recurrence rate was greater in the ISR group (15%) than in the stapled CAA group (2%, P<0.04). There was no significant difference in distant metastasis between the two groups. The disease-free survival rates were 80.8% and 91.2% at three years in the ISR group and the stapled CAA group, respectively. Complications, such as urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction in male patients, were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: An intersphincteric resection with hand-sewn anastomosis could be worse than a stapled coloanal anastomosis in function and local recurrence. This may indicate that careful selection is required for a intersphincteric resection even when a stapled anastomosis cannot be applied due to a narrow margin.

Bases Anatómicas de la Gluteoplastía Dinámica / Anatomical Basis of the Dinamic Gluteoplaty

La disrupción anatómica del esfínter es el mecanismo más común de incontinencia fecal. La creación de un mecanismo esfinteriano con control voluntario permite mantener la contracción en el reposo o durante los movimientos y es uno de los principios fisiológicos y quirúrgicos para la continencia. Esta corrección puede realizarse mediante la transposición de músculo glúteo mayor alrededor del ano y recrear así un esfínter voluntario. La gluteoplastía dinámica consiste en la colocación de un marcapasos que permite la estimulación eléctrica crónica intermitente del músculo esquelético, resultando en la adaptación de la contractilidad basal. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en el estudio anatómico de la longitud in situ y esqueletizado del fascículo inferior del músculo glúteo máximo, de su principal pedículo nervioso, la altura en la cual penetra al músculo desde el cóccix, y la longitud de su rama más distal para finalmente, proponer variantes técnicas para este procedimiento. Se disecaron 21 regiones glúteas de ambos lados de cadáveres frescos y formolizados al 10% de ambos sexos. La longitud del fascículo muscular sin esqueletizar osciló entre 17,8 y 19,65 cm, y esqueletizado entre 23,9 y 20.7 cm. La distancia de penetración del nervio principal fue entre 11,25 10,2 cm y la del nervio más medial se situó promedialmente entre 8,72 y 5,97 cm. La máxima longitud adquirida por el nervio principal hasta su rama más distal, osciló entre 10,4 y 9,2 cm. El fascículo inferior posee una longitud final que permite rodear completamente al ano e incluso, llegar al isquion contralateral hechos que apoyan el uso de este músculo en las transposiciones para la corrección de las incontinencias anales, sin la necesidad de realizar abordajes desmedidos y lejanos, permitiendo a su vez, el uso de un músculo de la región, evitando tracciones del pedículo neurovascular y la consiguiente isquemia luego del procedimiento quirúrgico. Se proponen tres técnicas para ...

The anatomical disruption of the sphincter is the most common mechanism of fecal incontinence. The creation of an sphincter mechanism with voluntary control allows to maintain the contraction during rest or movements and is one of the physiological and surgical principles of continence. This correction can be made by the gluteus maximus muscle transposition around the anus recreating a voluntary sphincter. The dynamic gluteoplasty consists in the positioning of a nerve stimulator that allows the intermittent chronic electrical stimulation of the skeletal muscle resulting in the adaptation of the basal contractility. The objective of the work is the anatomic study of the inferior fascicle of the gluteus maximus muscle (its length in situ and squeletized) and of its main nervous pedicle (the height in which penetrates the muscle from coccyx, and the length of its distal branch) so as to propose technical changes for the procedure. Twenty and one gluteus regions of both sides from fresh and formalized cadavers of both sexes were dissected. The length of muscular fascicle without squeletized oscillated between 17.8 and 19.65 cm, and squeletized between 23.9 and 20.7 cm. The distance of penetration of the main nerve was between 11.25 and 10.2 cm and the one of the most internal nerve was located promedially between 8.72 and 5.97 cm. The maximun length acquired by the main nerve until its distal branch oscillated between 10.4 and 9.2 cm. The inferior fascicle has a final length that allows to surround completely the anus or even to reach the contralateral isquion, facts which support the use of this muscle in the transpositions for the correction of the anal incontinence, without making excessive or distant boardings, allowing as well the use of a muscle from the region, avoiding tractions of neurovascular pedicle and the consequent isquemia after the surgical procedure. Three technical changes for the rotation of flap are proposed.

Novos tratamentos para a incontinência anal: injeção de silicone melhora a qualidade de vida em 35 pacientes incontinentes / New treatment modality of anal incontinence: trans-sphincteric silicone injection improved quality of life in 35 incontinent patients

Demonstrar através do índice de incontinência e de um instrumento de qualidade de vida, o benefício da utilização do silicone como substância de preenchimento para o tratamento da incontinência anal. 35 pacientes incontinentes foram avaliados através do índice de incontinência (Cleveland Clinic Florida Scoring System-CCFSS) e instrumento de qualidade de vida (Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life-FIQL), antes e após injeção ambulatorial trans-esfincteriana de silicone. Os critérios de inclusão foram: incontinência anal associada a defeito simples do esfíncter interno ou associado a pequeno defeito do esfíncter externo em quadrante anterior. A escala de qualidade de vida avaliada inclui quatro domínios: depressão, estilo de vida, comportamento e constrangimento. Após 3 meses de tratamento, todos os pacientes foram reavaliados através do índice de incontinência e instrumento de qualidade de vida. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente através do programa GraphPd Instat. 28 mulheres e 7 homens com idade média de 60,3 (19-80) anos foram submetidos a injeção de silicone para o tratamento de incontinência anal. O índice médio de incontinência, antes e após a injeção, foi de 11,3 e 4,3 (p<0.001). Em relação às alterações na escala de qualidade de vida, notamos significantes alterações em todos os domínios estudados antes e após a injeção: (1) estilo de vida p<0,0001;(2)comportamento p<0,0001;(3) depressão p<0,0001; (4) constrangimento p<0,0001. Em casos selecionados, a injeção trans-esfincteriana de silicone proporciona uma melhora do quadro de incontinência anal, observada pela mudança significativa dos parâmetros do índice de incontinência e instrumento de qualidade de vida.

To evaluate clinical impact and benefits of trans-sphincteric injection of silicone in patients with anal incontinence using validated incontinence score and quality of life scale. 35 incontinent patients related to internal and external anal sphincter defects were selected for ambulatorial trans-sphincteric silicone injection. Inclusion criteria were: anal incontinence associated or not to internal sphincter defects and/ or one quadrant external sphincter defects. All patients were submitted to clinical evaluation before and after injections including an incontinence scoring system (Cleveland Clinic Florida) and quality of life scale (Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life) with 4 domains: depression, self-perception, embarrassment and lifestyle. Results: 28 female and 7 male patients with a mean age of 60.3(19-80) years underwent ambulatorial trans-sphincteric injection of silicone. Mean incontinence score improved significantly after injection: 11.3 to 4.3 (p<0.001). All domains in the quality of life scale demonstrated significant improvement after injection (p<0.0001). Conclusion: In selected cases, trans-sphincteric silicone injection is a valuable option for the treatment of anal incontinence, improving significantly patient's quality of life.